DEPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG RETROVIRAL-POSITIVE PATIENTS RECEIVING CARE IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global health concern with repercussions beyond its physical impact, extending to mental well-being. Approximately 280 million people wi th HIV experience depression, with 3.63 million residing in sub-Saharan Africa. This research investigated the relationship between HIV infection and depression among patients receiving care at the antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital.
Methods: Conducted as a cross-sectional hospital-based study, systematic sampling was employed to recruit 404 confirmed HIV-positive participants receiving ART in the last six months, after informed consent was obtained. The PHQ-9 questionnaire was administered to assess depression, and data analysis utilized SPSS version 25. Pearson’s Chi-square tested associations at a significance level of p<0.05 with a 95% confidence interval.
Results: Participants, averaging 41.8 ± 10.1 years, were mostly females (n=267, 66.1%). The Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir combination was the predominant regimen received by the participants (n=374, 92.6%), with 80.7% (n=326) being on HAART for 0-9 years, and 89.9% (n=363) having coexisting conditions. Depression prevalence was 63.9% (n=258), with the majority having mild depression (n=252, 62.4%), and most participants had no social support (n=399, 98.8%). A significant association existed between depression and a family history of depression (p=0.015).
Conclusion: This study reveals a notable occurrence of depression among the participants, predominantly mild, with a significant link to a family history of depression. Implementing a comprehensive psychotherapy intervention at our study centre could enhance patient care, providing a centralized solution for addressing these mental health concerns early and promptly.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Share
References
1.World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS. 2021. [Accessed 14th October 2023]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/hiv-aids
2.World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS. Regional Office for Africa, Cairo, Egypt. 2020 [Accessed 14th October 2023]. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hivaids
3.UNAIDS. UNAIDS Country Factsheets. Abuja, Nigeria. 2020. [Accessed 14th October 2023]. Available from:
https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/ nigeria
4.UNAIDS. Nigeria adapts strategy to end the AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS. Nigeria adapts strategy to end the AIDS epidemic. 2019 [Accessed 10th March 2023]. Available from:
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featu restories/2019/march/20190320_nigeria
5.Kose S, Mandiracioglu A, Mermut G, Kaptan F, Ozbel
Y. The Social and health problems of people living with HIV/AIDS in Izmir, Turkey. Eurasian J Med. 2012;44(1):32.
6.Dejman M, Ardakani HM, Malekafzali B, Moradi G, Gouya MM, Shushtari ZJ, et al. Psychological, social, and familial problems of people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran: A qualitative study. Int J Prev Med. 2015;6(126):9
7.Damtie Y, Kefale B, Yalew M, Arefaynie M, Adane B, Edmealem A, et al. Depressive symptoms and associated factors among HIV positive patients
attending public health facilities of Dessie town: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16 (8):12.
8.Seid S, Abdu O, Mitiku M, Tamirat KS. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Dessie referral hospital, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14(1):1–8.
9.World Health Organization. Depression. 2022 [Accessed 10th March 2023]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health- topics/depression#tab=tab_1
10.Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global health data exchange (GHDx). 2021. [Accessed 14th October 2023]. Available from: https://ghdx.healthdata.org/global-health-data- exchange.
11.Egbe CO, Dakum PS, Ekong E, Kohrt BA, Minto JG, Ticao CJ. Depression, suicidality, and alcohol use disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–13.
12.Deren S, Cortes T, Dickson VV, Guilamo-Ramos V, Han BH, Karpiak S, et al. Substance use among older people living with HIV: Challenges for health care providers. Front Public Heal. 2019;7(94):10.
13.Bernard C, Dabis F, De Rekeneire N. Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):22.
14.Lofgren SM, Bond DJ, Nakasujja N, Boulware DR. Burden of depression in outpatient HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa; systematic review and meta- analysis. AIDS Behav 2020;24(6):1752–1764.
15.Suraj SS, Umar BI, Gajida AU, Umar MU. Prevalence and factors associated with depression among medical students in Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021;28(3):198-203.
16.Agbir TM, Okonoda KM, Mwuese Sule H, Agaba PA, Ojoh RO, Agbir MT, et al. Associated factors in HIV- positive adults attending an antiretroviral clinic in Jos. Niger J Fam Med Heal Care. 2018;4(4):26–32.
17.Adeoti AO, Dada MU FJ. Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral treatment in
Nigeria. Med Rep Case Stud. 2018;3(1):1–5.
18.Oko RE, Awosan KJ, Oche MO, Yunusa MA. Prevalence and pattern of depression among HIV positive patients on treatment at the ART clinic of UDUTH, Sokoto, Nigeria. Int Arch Med Med Sci. 2019;1(1):8–15.
19.Olisah VO, Baiyewu O, Sheikh TL. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in depressed patients with HIV/AIDS attending a Nigerian university teaching hospital clinic. Afr J Psychiatry. 2010;13(4):275–279.
20.Luchins DJ. Depression screening as a quality indicator. Ment Health Fam Med. 2010;7(2):107-113.
21.Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, et al. Screening for depression in adults: United States preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315(4):380–387.
22.Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121–126.
23.Sule HM, Gyang MD, Agbir MT, Okonoda KM. Perceived social support and its association with depression among patients infected with HIV: A hospital-based study in Jos, Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2019;5(1):68-75.
24.Sharma S, Mudgal S, Thakur K, Gaur R. How to calculate sample size for observational and experiential nursing research studies? Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;10(1):1.
25.Elbadawi A, Mirghani H. Depression among HIV/AIDS Sudanese patients: A cross-sectional analytic study. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2017;26(43):8.
26.Berger-Greenstein JA, Cuevas CA, Brady SM, Trezza G, Richardson MA, Keane TM. Major depression in patients with HIV/AIDS and substance abuse. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21(12):942–955.
27.Aljohani W, Algohani L, Alzahrani A, Bazuhair M, Bawakid A, Aljuid L, et al. Prevalence of depression among patients with type 2 diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City. Cureus. 2021;13(10):10.
28.Yeneabat T, Bedaso A, Amare T. Factors associated with depressive symptoms in people living with HIV
attending antiretroviral clinic at Fitche Zonal Hospital, Central Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2012. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13(8):2125–
2131.
29.Shittu RO, Issa BA, Olanrewaju GT, Mahmoud AO, Odeigah LO, Salami AK, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS, in north-central Nigeria. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013;4(11):7.
30.Beyamo A, Bashe T, Facha W, Moshago T. Depression and Associated Factors Among Adult HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Antiretroviral Therapy at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2020;12(11):2125–2131.
31.Obadeji A, Ogunlesi AO, Adebowale TO. Prevalence and predictors of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS attending an outpatient clinic in Nigeria. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. 2014;8(1):26.
32.Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA, Dirie NI. Prevalence of and factors associated with depression among adult patients living with HIV/AIDs undergoing ART unit in Banadir hospital, Mogadishu Somalia. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(232):8.
33.Nyirenda M, Chatterji S, Rochat T, Mutevedzi P, Newe ML. Prevalence and correlates of depression among HIV-infected and -affected older people in rural South Africa. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(1):31-38.
34.Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Gotlib IH. Life stress and family history for depression: The moderating role of past depressive episodes. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;49(2):90-95.
35.Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Depress Sci Ment Heal. 2013;6(10):141–150.
36.Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Recurrence in major depression: A conceptual analysis. Psychological review. 2011;118(4):655-674.